Exothermic-Based Composite Structures

ABSTRACT

A thermal battery including: a battery core; and a load-bearing structure at least partially surrounding the battery core. The load-bearing structure including: a plurality of tubes arranged adjacent to one another and connected to at least one adjacent tube of the plurality of tubes; and an exothermic material disposed in the plurality of tubes. The load-bearing structure can include one or more initiation devices for initiating the exothermic material. The plurality of tubes can be compressed in a cross-section to compact the exothermic material disposed on the plurality of tubes. A thermal isolation material can also be disposed at one or more ends of the plurality of tubes.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Application No.62/940,193 filed on Nov. 25, 2019, the contents of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

The present disclosure is directed to exothermic-based compositestructures and more particularly to exothermic-based compositestructures for use in liquid reserve batteries batteries and even moreparticularly, to such liquid reserve batteries for use in munitions.

2. Prior Art

Munitions can be hand emplaced or gun launched. Munitions may be storedfor up to 20 years in different environments, including at very lowtemperatures. In all situations, munition components need to be fullyoperational at temperatures that may be as low as −55 degrees C. Properoperation of munition components, particularly for munition reservepower systems, is critical to all missions at such low temperatures. Forexample, when munitions are launched at very low temperatures or areemplaced and must be operational at such low temperatures, methods toheat their reserve power system components quickly to allow theiractivation and to make them fully operational becomes critical. Inaddition, many sensitive sensory systems and their electronics do notfunction within the required range at very low temperatures.

Different methods of heating various mechanical, electrical, electronicand optical components at very low temperatures, such as in space or invery cold environments have been developed. In almost all suchapplications, electrical energy is the main source of heat and is alsoused to keep the source of electrical energy itself warm andoperational. When the source of electrical energy is combustion of fuel,the waste heat is also used for keeping the system components atoperational temperature.

The above methods, however, are not suitable for munitions for severalreasons. Firstly, munitions are not generally provided with externalpower sources that can be used to heat the onboard components at lowtemperatures before firing. In addition, such heating processes are notsuitable for munitions since they would take a relatively long time andmunitions must be readied for firing very rapidly. Secondly, the addedheating components such as electrical heating components with therequired wiring and electrical insulations and support structures wouldoccupy a significant amount of valuable munitions volume, therebysignificantly degrading their effectiveness and lethality.

SUMMARY

An objective is to provide exothermic-based composite structures thatare load bearing and possess sufficient mechanical properties towithstand setback launch accelerations of up to 75,000 Gs and high spinrates of up to 200 Hz and their generated forces in gun-fired munitionsand to provide adaptive heating on-demand for thermal management ofmunitions components, such as power sources at low temperatures so as tosignificantly extend the run-time and high-pulsed power of reserve powersystems for gun-fired munitions and extend the stand-off range, thusimproving safety for soldiers.

The exothermic-based composite structures disclosed herein are loadcarrying and can be configured to withstand gun firing and flight spininduced forces to eliminate the need for support and shock hardeningstructures and elements. For such applications, exothermic materials areused as a heating source due to their high heat generating capacity andvery fast response even at temperatures as low as −55 degrees C.

The exothermic-based composite structures can be configured to functionas “heating blankets” for temperature sensitive components, such aspower sources, which after exhausting their heating sources, wouldfunction as effective thermal insulation to keep the components warm atlow temperatures.

A variation of the exothermic-based composite structures can employphase change members in its structure to efficiently store heat energythat is generated by high temperature burning of pyrotechnics materialsto provide a relatively uniform heating source at a predictabletemperature that is significantly lower than peak pyrotechnic burningtemperatures and that can be maintained significantly longer.

The occurrence of low temperatures in an operational environment is notpredictable and for applications such as in emplaced munitions that haveto be operational over a 30 day period, low temperatures that affect themunitions power system and other temperature sensitive components mayoccur at different times and last different amounts of time. For thisreason, the exothermic-based composite structures can adaptively providethe required amount of heat on demand for thermal management ofmunitions components such as power sources at low temperatures.

Similar activation at low temperatures and high-power pulses can beprovided to reserve power systems and temperature sensitive componentsof all gun-fired munitions, rockets and missiles at very lowtemperatures.

The adaptive heating capability of the load carrying exothermic-basedcomposite structures can achieve the objective of significantlyextending the run-time and high-pulsed power of reserve power systemsfor gun-fired munitions and extend the stand-off range withoutsacrificing munitions lethality, thus improving safety for soldiers.

Performance characteristics of the exothermic-based composite structureswith adaptive heating on demand capabilities include:

1. The exothermic-based composite structure can be load bearing andpossess sufficient mechanical properties to withstand setback launch andspin generated forces in gun-fired munitions, an therefore, do notrequire additional munitions volume to perform their adaptive heating ofreserve power sources and other low temperature sensitive components ofmunitions on demand.

2. The exothermic-based composite structures can be configured toprovide adaptive heating on-demand for thermal management of munitionscomponents, such as reserve power sources and other temperaturesensitive components, at low temperatures that may be as low as −55degrees C.

3. The exothermic-based composite structures may be configured withphase change members to efficiently store heat energy that is generatedby high temperature burning of pyrotechnic materials to provide arelatively uniform heating source at a predictable temperature that issignificantly lower than peak pyrotechnic burning temperatures and thatcan be maintained significantly longer.

4. Since the occurrence of low temperatures in an operationalenvironment is not predictable, particularly for munitions that areoperational for many days, such as emplaced munitions that have to beoperational over a 30 days period, the exothermic-based compositestructures can be configured to be capable of adaptively providing therequired amount of heat on demand to achieve the desired thermalmanagement goals of the munitions components as it is subjected to theeffects of low temperatures.

5. The exothermic-based composite structure can be provided with sensoryand activation mechanisms to achieve the capability of adaptivelyproviding heat to the components that their performance is on the vergeof being negatively affected due to low temperature.

6. The exothermic-based composite structures can be used to rapidly heatreserve power sources at low temperatures to bring them to their peakoperational capabilities to provide high-power pulses on demand.

7. The exothermic-based composite structures can be configured in anydesired shape and size to adapt to the available volume and shape of thereserve power sources to optimize their thermal management functionalityin terms of maximizing the run-time of performance level of the powersources.

8. By providing load bearing exothermic-based composite structures, theneed for additional support structures and means of shock loadinghardening may be eliminated or at least reduced. Thereby, additionalvaluable munitions volume does not need to be occupied.

9. The exothermic-based composite structure can also be fabricated asflexible members, for example, in the form of fabric like sheets,plates, bars, relatively thin fibers, etc., that could conform to thetarget component geometry and also provide the required distribution ofthe heating source to achieve optimal system performance.

The use of exothermal materials, such as pyrotechnic materials, that canrapidly provide heat or materials that undergo slower chemical reactionand thereby provide heat at much slower rates are used in munitions forproviding heat at the required rate to various munitions components.Such exothermal materials are used as a heat source for munitions sincethey can heat the intended component very rapidly; they are for one-timeuse and for a relatively short period of time; and they can be activatedwithout requiring outside power.

The exothermic-based composite structure can perform their intendedheating of the munition temperature sensitive components adaptively andon demand at low temperatures to ensure their optimal performance.

The exothermic-based composite structure can be configured to be loadbearing and possess the necessary mechanical properties to withstandsetback launch and spin generated forces in gun-fired munitions so thatno additional munitions volume is needed to be occupied.

The exothermic-based composite structure can be used for adaptiveheating on-demand for thermal management of munitions reserve powersources and other temperature sensitive components at low temperaturesthat may be as low as −55 degrees C.

The exothermic-based composite structure can be used for theconfiguration of reserve power system assembly of hand emplacedmunitions systems to make it possible to activate the munitions at verylow temperatures and provide the required high-power pulses duringindividual missions. The same can be similarly used for activation atlow temperatures and high-power pulses in gun-fired munitions, rocketsand missiles at very low temperatures.

The exothermic-based composite structure can also be fabricated asflexible members, for example, in the form of fabric like sheets,plates, bars, relatively thin fibers, etc., that can conform to thetarget component and available geometry and also provide the requireddistribution of the heating source to achieve optimal systemperformance.

The exothermic-based composite structure can be configured withstructures and materials that turns them into very effective thermalinsulation materials following heat generation function.

The exothermic-based composite structures can support miniaturization ofmunitions electronics and munitions power sources and can providemanaged and controlled heat rates.

The exothermic-based composite structures can withstand setbackaccelerations of over 75,000 Gs and high spin rates of up to 200 Hz andsatisfy the military shelf life requirement of 20 years.

In addition, since the exothermic-based structures can be used forthermal management of temperature sensitive components of munitions,such as their power sources, the composite structure can have very lowthermal conductivity. In addition, the exothermic materials used inconstruction of the composite structure can have low thermalconductivity before and after it has performed its heat generatingfunction.

In addition, the exothermic heating sources can be distributed withinthe developed composite structure and can be initiated as needed toachieve the desired, i.e., to function as an adaptive thermal managementsystem.

The occurrence of low temperatures in an operational environment is notpredictable and for applications, such as in emplaced munitions thathave to be operational over a 30 days period, low temperatures thataffect the munitions power system and other temperature sensitivecomponents may occur at different times and last different amounts oftime. Therefore, the exothermic-based composite structures can beprovided with sensory devices, such as, passive sensory devices, thatwould make the composite structure capable of adaptively providing therequired amount of heat to the affected devices, such as the powersources for their thermal management and when high-power pulses areneeded at low temperatures.

Highly effective thermal insulation materials can be used in powersources such as thermal batteries that operate at temperatures that canbe over 600 degrees C. For example, an aerogel material, reinforced withceramic fibers and particles. The insulation material may be relativelyflexible sheets, such as, Fiberfrax Ceramic Fiber Paper, which areflexible enough to conform to smooth corners. In general, the flexibleinsulation materials can be fabricated into relatively thin sheets ofeven sub-millimeters. In the below description, a composite structurewith several layers of multiple patterned pyrotechnic “strands” that canbe initiated separately are described.

The composite structures can be configured to almost any size and shapeto conform to the surface of the object to be covered. The compositestructures can be relatively rigid for applications in which they haveto bear load or may be relatively flexible for applications in whichthey must be “wrapped” around the intended object without requiring asignificant load bearing capability.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the apparatus ofthe present invention will become better understood with regard to thefollowing description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:

FIG. 1 illustrates a structure of one exothermic-based compositestructure for thermal management of munitions components at lowtemperature.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exothermic-based composite structure used forthermal management of a liquid reserve battery.

FIG. 3 illustrates a load-bearing exothermic-based composite structurefor the construction of various devices with a thermal management heatsource.

FIG. 4 illustrates embodiments of coil and spirally formed and flattenedstainless steel tubes filed with slow burning pyrotechnic material toform heating fuze strips for thermal management of thermal batteries.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate a cylindrical composite structure with embeddedexothermic compound, before and after material compacting, respectively.

FIG. 7 illustrates a liquid reserve battery housing with a compositestructure with embedded exothermic materials for fast activation andthermal management at low temperatures.

FIG. 8 illustrates cross-sectional views of composite plate structureswith embedded pyrotechnics constructed with welded triangular (top) andrectangular (bottom) tubes.

FIG. 9 illustrates a phase-change diagram for a typical substance.

FIG. 10 illustrates a composite structure with phase changing member forheat storage at lower temperatures and for uniform heating in thermalmanagement processes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Flexible and Rigid Composite Structures with Patterned PyrotechnicLayers

The schematic of FIG. 1 shows a construction of an exothermic-basedcomposite structure, generally referred to by reference numeral 100.Such composite structure can be flexible since such structures withpatterned pyrotechnic layers can be fabricated as sheets or strips orthe like for general application to the intended objects. However, thecomposite structure 100 can also be rigid and load bearing, as describedbelow.

In the schematic of FIG. 1, the exothermic-based composite structure 100comprises layers of high temperature insulation materials 102 withinwith patterns of pyrotechnic (or other exothermic material) stripsinlays 104 that are separated by thin layers of insulation materials106.

It is appreciated that strengthening high temperature resistant and lowthermal conductivity fibers such as fiberglass may also be provided inthe insulation layers 102 as well as the patterned pyrotechnic stripinlays 104 to provide structural strength to the composite structurewithout adding extra weight.

The patterned pyrotechnic strip inlays 104 are provided with separateinitiation bridge-wires 108 or several strip inlays may be connected atthe ends or at intermediate points along their lengths to be initiatedwith a single initiation bridge-wire. Methods that can be used forinitiating the patterned pyrotechnic strips, such as the use ofbride-wires that are heated electrically, are well known for use inmunitions.

The pyrotechnic strip inlays 104 may be prefabricated as a flexible fuseand may be woven into a fibrous insulation layer such as fiberglass orthe like. Alternatively, the patterned pyrotechnic strips 104 may be cutout of the insulation layers and the fuse strips (flexible or preformedrigid fuse strip patterns as described in Sections (b)-(d) below) may beinlaid into the provided gaps. When using preformed rigid fuse strippatterns of the type described below, the fuse strips may be laid downas desired on a flat surface and the space between them filled withinsulation material particles (or to be dried pasted) to form a flatlayer. The layers 102 may be “assembled” directly over the thininsulation layers 106 to minimize or even eliminate the need for anybonding agent.

It is appreciated that the patterned pyrotechnic/exothermic strip inlaidlayer 104 and the thin insulation layer 102 may be applied directly toan intended device, such as a liquid reserve battery housing 200, asshown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, two patterned pyrotechnic/exothermic stripinlaid layers 102 that are separated by a thin insulation layer 106 andcovered by an outer insulation layer 110 are shown to cover the outerhousing 112 of a liquid reserve battery 200. The provided patternedexothermic-based composite structure can also be part of the structureof the munition that houses the liquid reserve battery as describedbelow.

It is also appreciated that the exothermic-based composite structureshown in FIGS. 1 and 2 can be provided with as many patternedpyrotechnic/exothermic material strip layers 102 as necessary to achievethe required thermal management goals and the available space of eachapplication. In addition, the composite structure can be configured withinsulation filling and insulation layers that are flexible, therebyallowing the fabricated composite sheets to be wrapped around devicesand components that require heating on demand at low temperatures.

Rigid Load-Bearing Composite Structures with Pyrotechnic/ExothermicMaterial Heating Sources

A load-bearing composite structures with embedded pyrotechnic/exothermicmaterial heating sources that can be initiated on demand is shown inFIG. 3, generally referred to by reference numeral 300. This compositestructure 300 can be used to build the structure of different devices ortheir support structures and even housing of reserve batteries toprovide adaptive heating for their thermal management.

In the load-bearing composite structure of FIG. 3, the structure isshown to consist of relatively thin wall tubes 302 that are weldedtogether side by side at a contact point 304 to form a strong butrelatively lightweight plate. Then as can be seen in the top view ofFIG. 3, the tubes are filled with compacted pyrotechnic compounds 306that can be configured to the desired burn speed, temperature andgenerating heat.

In practice, the pyrotechnic materials 306 filling the tubes 302 can beconsolidated. The process of consolidation for the composite structureof FIG. 3 is readily carried out by flattening the tubes 302 under apress. The process reduces the thickness of the composite plate 300(e.g., reducing a diameter of the tubes 302 in one direction, such as inthe direction in and out of the page of FIG. 3). Depending on theapplication at hand, each tube 302 may be filled with differentpyrotechnic material 306. Each tube 302 may be provided with individualinitiation mechanism (e.g., electrically heated bridge-wires) to achievea desired heating pattern or a few may be initiated with a singleinitiator or all at the same time. The selection of the pyrotechnics canavoid sympathetic ignition.

The tube(s) 402 can be configured as a slow burning heating fuse strip400 that can be coiled to be positioned between thermal insulationlayers around thermal battery core. The heating fuse strips 402 can beformed by packing slow burning (currently in the order of 3-15 secondsper inch) pyrotechnic material in a thin wall and 0.133 inch outsidediameter stainless-steel tube(s) 402. The tube(s) 402 can then beflattened while being coiled to consolidate the pyrotechnic material andmake them into a relatively thin wall cylinders to be positioned betweenthermal insulation layers around the thermal battery core. The top andbottom surfaces of the battery core can also be covered by flattenedspiral fuse strips 410 made from the same stainless-steel tube(s) 402and filled with slow burning pyrotechnic material. Examples of such coil400 and spiral 410 heating fuse strips are shown in FIG. 4. The heatingfuse strips 400, 410 can be integrated into thermal batteries toincrease their run time by over one order of magnitude.

The pyrotechnic composite structure (plate) 300 of FIG. 3 can be used inthe same process of consolidation described above by simultaneously orin several steps flattening the plate tubes, which although shown in alinear array, can be formed in any shape, such as cylindrical.

It is also appreciated that the initial tubes do not have to be straightand may have been formed into various shapes such as in arc forms oreven bent to relatively sharp corners and stacked and welded using laseror electron beam or even brazed together to form the desired structuresfor various devices as their housing or support structures. Thestructures will be relatively lightweight and the presence of compactedpyrotechnic material inside the structure would increase dampingcharacteristics of the structure and would make them highly suitable fordamping ringing (stress waves) and structural vibration.

Example—1: Application of Rigid Load-Bearing Composite Structures withPyrotechnic or Other Exothermic Material Heating Sources—Liquid ReserveBattery Thermal Manage

As discussed above, the load-bearing composite structure 300 of FIG. 3with the embedded pyrotechnic/exothermic material 306 as a heatingsource may also be configured in a variety of shapes. One applicationfor such structure 300 is for munitions, more particularly, for thermalmanagement of liquid reserve batteries used in munitions. Currentlyavailable liquid reserve batteries cannot be activated and onceactivated to operate at temperatures below −40 degrees C. and attemperatures below −10 to zero degrees C. the performance of suchbatteries degrades significantly. As described below, the proposedload-bearing pyrotechnic and/or other slow reacting exothermic materialbased composite structure can be readily adapted to address suchshortcomings of currently available liquid reserve batteries.

For thermal management of liquid reserve batteries, the battery housingmay be constructed with a cylinder 500 of stainless-steel tubes 502 thatare welded as described above to form a cylindrical shape as shown inFIG. 5. The individual stainless-steel tubes 502 can then be filled withthe same or different pyrotechnic or other exothermic materials. Thestainless-steel tubes 502 can alternatively be compacted to the shape504 as shown in FIG. 6 to form the housing 506. The tube ends may thenbe provided with individual or grouped initiation bridge wires andsealed with a military grade natural cellulose (NC) or other similarcompounds that are commonly used for sealing and protecting energeticmaterials from the environment.

The resulting sealed structures 500, 506 may then be used as the casingof liquid reserve batteries or as a sleeve disposed around the casing ofliquid reserve batteries for thermal management, including rapidpre-heating as needed at low temperatures before activation. The outersurface of the structure 506 can also be provided with an appropriatethermal insulation layer to minimize heat loss into the environment. Thepyrotechnic material filled tubes 504 may then be initiated to heat theliquid reserve battery as needed. For example, fast burning pyrotechnicsmay be used to rapidly heat the battery before activation at lowtemperatures or slower burning pyrotechnics or slow acting exothermiccompounds may be used to keep the liquid reserve battery at its topperformance level at low temperatures. Additionally, a select number ofthe pyrotechnic filled tubes can be have the fast burning pyrotechnicsand a select number of tubes can have the slower burning pyrotechnics orslow acting exothermic compounds.

It is also appreciated that helically coiled and welded tube(s) similarto the coil 400 shown in FIG. 4 (left) may also be used for the abovepurpose, In this case, the helically coiled tube is first formed, thenfilled with pyrotechnic or other exothermic material and then flattenedto compact the filling material and then used as was described above forthermal management of liquid reserve batteries. A double helix tube canbe used to form the coil 400 where a first helix tube can have the fastburning pyrotechnics and a second helix can have the slower burningpyrotechnics or slow acting exothermic compounds.

Example—2: Application of Rigid Load-Bearing Composite Structures withPyrotechnic or Other Exothermic Material Heating Sources—Liquid ReserveBattery Housing

As discussed above, alternatively, the cylindrical structures 500, 506of FIG. 5 or FIG. 6 may be used to construct the actual housing/casingof a liquid reserve battery. In such a composite liquid reserve batteryhousing, housing caps can be welded to the housing 500, 506 after thehousing tubes have been filled with pyrotechnic or other exothermicmaterials and alternatively, compacted without causing the compactedpyrotechnic materials to initiate.

The configuration of such composite structure for liquid reserve batteryhousing and the process of its manufacture is described below. Theconfiguration of the proposed composite structure for liquid reservebattery housing is shown in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, on the battery terminalcap 600 side, a blow-up cutaway view of one of the sidewall tubes 502,504 is shown. As can be seen in the blow-up view, the top portion of thepyrotechnic packed tubes 502, 504 is filled with a thermal isolationfilling 604, such as alumina¹ as described below to ensure that whilewelding the top cap to the sidewall, the pyrotechnic filling 606 is notignited. ¹ Developed as part of a U. S. Army SBIR Phase I and Phase IIproject, titled: “Novel Actuation Technologies for Guided PrecisionMunitions”, contract number W15QKN-06-C-0016 for preventing sympatheticignition of propellants in multistage thrusters.

It is noted that in the process of manufacturing liquid reservebatteries, the terminal cap end plate 600 is welded to the sidewall(cylinder 500, 506) as the last step, after all interior components ofthe battery have been assembled inside the battery housing. For thisreason and noting that the common practice is to place thermal heatsinks around the sidewalls to minimize the transfer of heat down thesidewall during the welding process, the provided thermal isolationlayer should prevent ignition of the pyrotechnic material during thewelding process.

The process of constructing and assembling the battery and its housingwith embedded pyrotechnic materials is as follows:

The sidewall 500, 506 of the liquid reserve battery housing isconstructed with appropriately sized stainless-steel tubes 502, 504 aswas earlier described as shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 5, the sidewall of thehousing is shown to have a cylindrical shape. However, it is appreciatedthat the sidewall may be configured to have almost any other shape, forexample, it may be designed in rectangular or half-moon, oval or eventriangular or compound shape to fit the available space in munitions.

The sidewall section 500, 506 is then welded (or brazed or the like) tothe housing welded section 602. The housing welded section is providedwith holes matching the bore of the tubes 502, 504, through which theinternal volume of the tubes can later be accessed. It is noted thatafter the welding, the interior spaces of the tubes are no longeraccessible from the inside of the housing.

Each sidewall tube is provided with the bridge-wire or other activationdevice on the housing welded section 602 and sealed. The housing weldedsection 602 is provided with an appropriately sized compartment 608 forhousing the bridge-wire and its wirings, which are exited from the sideof the housing welded section 602 (not shown in FIG. 7 for clarity) orthrough the bottom of the battery through an initiation compartment cap610, depending on the application. The initiation compartment cap 610 isthen attached to the housing welded section 602 by fasteners or screwedtogether or using any other commonly used method.

From their open ends, the sidewall tubes are filled with the selectedpyrotechnic and/or other exothermic materials 606 to close (around0.1-0.2 inch) to the end and compacted and the remaining space is filledwith thermal isolation powder 604 (alumina or the like) as shown in thecutaway view of FIG. 7.

The sidewall tubes are alternatively “flattened” to consolidate thepyrotechnic material up to close to the bottom “housing welded section602. This can be a cold forming processes in which the battery housingis positioned inside a solid holding fixture sized to the outsidediameter of the battery housing. The holding fixture can then be turnedin the forming machine while a forming roller travels in and out of thehousing interior and progressively flattening the sidewall tubes. Thetop (thermal isolation side) of the sidewall tubes are welded closed

The liquid reserve battery components are then assembled inside thebattery housing 500, 506 and terminal wires are connected and the topcap 600 is welded to the battery housing 500, 506.

The liquid reserve battery 700 is then ready for use. In general, thebattery can be provided with an outside layer of thermal insulation. Theembedded pyrotechnic materials can then be initiated as needed, forexample before activation and when a high power pulse is needed at lowtemperatures and for its thermal management.

Once the liquid reserve battery 700 is activated at low temperatures,the methodology described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,063,076, the entirecontents of which is incorporated herein by reference, can be used toassist in thermal management of the battery. Such methodology useselectrical energy from the same battery to keep its electrolyte warm andat the desired temperature.

Other Rigid Load-Bearing Composite Structure Geometries withPyrotechnic/Exothermic Material Heating Sources

The rigid and load-bearing composite structures with embeddedpyrotechnic and/or other exothermic compounds discussed above are shownto be constructed with stainless-steel tubes with circularcross-sections and/or materials. It is, however, appreciated that thecomposite structures may also be similarly constructed with tubes havingother geometries, for example with rectangular tubes 802 or triangulartubes 804 or a combination of such tube cross-sections as shown in FIG.8.

Rigid Load-Bearing Composite Structure Constructed with Phase-ChangeMetals and Embedded Pyrotechnics for High Heat Capacity

The load-bearing composite structures of FIGS. 3 and 8 are shown to beconstructed with relatively thin-wall tubes that are welded togetherside by side to form a strong but relatively lightweight plate or as forthe case of composite structures of FIGS. 5 and 6, cylindrical housings.As shown in FIG. 4, the tubes may also be formed in spiral or coiledshapes, which may be welded together to form strong load-bearingstructures. The tubes are then filled with pyrotechnic or otherexothermic material compounds that can be configured to be initiated toreact at a desired speed, temperature and with a prescribed heatgenerating capacity. The pyrotechnic materials in the individual orgroups of tubes can then be initiated adaptively and on-demand for thecomposite structure to perform its intended thermal managementfunctions.

The thermal management capabilities of the load-bearing compositestructures can be increased by using pyrotechnic or other exothermicmaterials with high heat generating capacity and which generally burn(undergo chemical reaction) slowly. Using such exothermic materialsenables thermal management of intended devices over relatively longperiods of time without an increase in the overall volume of thecomposite structure.

One challenge of using high heat generating pyrotechnics in compositestructures is their slow burning at high temperatures. High temperatureburning creates local high temperature regions and is not generallydesirable since it can cause damage. For example, a high heat generatingpyrotechnic material may burn at 1000-1200 degrees C., making itunsuitable for use in a composite housing of the liquid reserve batteryof FIG. 7 since it may damage the battery core. In addition, to avoidsympathetic ignition of pyrotechnics in adjacent tubes, thermallyisolating material (e.g., alumina) filled tubes may have to bepositioned between pyrotechnic filled tubes.

Another challenge of using high heat generating pyrotechnics incomposite structures in addition to the generated local hightemperatures is the relatively rapid cooling of the region due to thegenerated high temperature gradient.

The pyrotechnic-based composite structures described below addressesboth of such challenges of using high temperature and high heatgenerating pyrotechnics. The pyrotechnic-based composite structures usethe process of phase change in which the pyrotechnic generated heat isused to melt an element (e.g., a relatively low melting temperaturemetal such as aluminum or zinc or tin) and thereby store heat energy inthe molten material at a significantly lower temperature than thosegenerated by the pyrotechnic material. The molten material would thenslowly conduct the heat to the composite structure at the lower andconstant melting temperature until the solidification process ends andthe conduction of heat out of the solidified element begins to drop itstemperature.

The process of a solid becoming a liquid is called melting (sometimesfusion). The opposite process, a liquid becoming a solid, is calledsolidification. For any pure substance, the temperature at which meltingoccurs—the melting point—is a characteristic of that substance. Itrequires heat energy for a solid to melt into a liquid. During themelting process and as the mixture of solid and liquid is heated, themixture temperature stays constant as shown in the phase change diagramof FIG. 9. Thereby heat energy is stored in the molten substance. Thestored heat is then transferred to the surrounding structure viaconduction at a constant (melting point) temperature until the substancehas fully solidified. The opposite process is routinely used to keepbeverages cool by the addition of ice that melts and keeps the beveragecool at 0 deg. C.

Every pure substance requires a certain amount of energy to change froma solid to a liquid. This amount is called the enthalpy of fusion (orheat of fusion) of the substance, represented as ΔH_(fus). For example,pure aluminum has a melting temperature of 660 degrees C. and itsenthalpy of fusion is ΔH_(fus)=10.7 KJ/mol. Note that the unit ofΔH_(fus) is kilojoules per mole, the quantity of material is needed toknow how much energy is involved. The ΔH_(fus) is always tabulated as apositive number. However, it can be used for both the melting and thesolidification processes (in exothermic solidification process, ΔH willbe negative).

The composite structures presented above (e.g., those of FIGS. 5-8) maythen be constructed with tubes 900 that are provided with the addedphase changing material, such as for example aluminum or zinc ortin—that are melted during the high temperature burning of thepyrotechnic material 904 and thereby store the generated heat at lowertemperatures. The cross-sectional view of such a simple composite tubestructure is shown in FIG. 10, in which the pyrotechnic material 904 isprovided inside a tube 902 formed of, e.g., aluminum, which is thenencased in another tube 900 (e.g., formed of stainless-steel) with asignificantly higher melting temperature than the material of tube 902(e.g., aluminum). The composite tube of FIG. 10 may be welded as waspreviously described together even after pyrotechnic material fillingwith proper cooling process to any structural shape and flattened ifnecessary. The resulting composite structures can provide significantlymore heat at significantly lower and more uniform temperature forthermal management of the intended devices.

While there has been shown and described what is considered to bepreferred embodiments of the invention, it will, of course, beunderstood that various modifications and changes in form or detailcould readily be made without departing from the spirit of theinvention. It is therefore intended that the invention be not limited tothe exact forms described and illustrated, but should be constructed tocover all modifications that may fall within the scope of the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A thermal battery comprising: a battery core; andone or more first substrates at least partially surrounding the batterycore, the one or more first substrates having an exothermic materialconfigured to generate heat to warm the battery core upon initiation ofthe exothermic material.
 2. The thermal battery of claim 1, wherein theexothermic material is a pyrotechnic material.
 3. The thermal battery ofclaim 2, further comprising a first substrate, wherein the pyrotechnicmaterial is patterned in or on a surface of the first substrate.
 4. Thethermal battery of claim 3, further comprising a second insulatingsubstrate layered together with the first substrate.
 5. The thermalbattery of claim 3, wherein the first substrate comprises a plurality offirst substrates, having the pyrotechnic material patterned in or on thesurface of each of the plurality of first substrates; and furthercomprising a second insulating substrate disposed between at least twoadjacent first substrates of the plurality of first substrates.
 6. Thethermal battery of claim 2, further comprising a bride wire forinitiating the pyrotechnic material.
 7. The thermal battery of claim 1,wherein the thermal battery is a liquid reserve battery.
 8. Aload-bearing structure comprising: a plurality of tubes arrangedadjacent to one another and connected to at least one adjacent tube ofthe plurality of tubes; and an exothermic material disposed in theplurality of tubes.
 9. The load-bearing structure of claim 8, furthercomprising one or more initiation devices for initiating the exothermicmaterial.
 10. The load-bearing structure of claim 8, wherein theplurality of tubes are compressed in a cross-section to compact theexothermic material disposed on the plurality of tubes.
 11. Theload-bearing structure of claim 8, wherein the plurality of tubes arearranged side by side to extend in a linear direction orthogonal to alongitudinal direction of each of the plurality of tubes.
 12. Theload-bearing structure of claim 8, wherein the plurality of tubes arearranged side by side to extend in a curved direction orthogonal to alongitudinal direction of each of the plurality of tubes.
 13. Theload-bearing structure of claim 8, further comprising a thermalisolation material disposed at one or more ends of the plurality oftubes.
 14. The load-bearing structure of claim 8, wherein the pluralityof tubes comprise a plurality of first tubes, the load-bearing structurefurther comprising a second tube disposed over the each of the pluralityof first tubes, the second tube being formed of a second material havinga higher melting temperature than a first material forming acorresponding first tube of the plurality of first tubes.
 15. Theload-bearing structure of claim 14, wherein the first material isaluminum and the second material is stainless steel.
 16. A thermalbattery comprising: a battery core; and the load-bearing structure ofclaim 1 at least partially surrounding the battery core.
 17. The thermalbattery of claim 16, wherein the load bearing structure comprises thecasing of the thermal battery.
 18. The thermal battery of claim 16,further comprising a top and bottom plate connected to first and secondends, respectively, of the plurality of tubes.